Bright’s disease is a historical classification of kidney diseases that would be described in modern medicine as acute or chronic nephritis. The term is no longer used, as diseases are now classified according to their more fully understood etiologies.[1][2] [3] It is typically denoted by the presence of serum albumin (blood plasma) in the urine, and frequently accompanied by edema (tissue particulate). Symptoms of Bright’s disease These associated symptoms in connection with kidney disease were first described in 1827 by noted English physician Richard Bright.[4] Since that time, it has been established that the symptoms, instead of being, as was formerly supposed, the result of one form of disease of the kidneys, may be dependent on various morbid conditions of those organs.[5] Thus, the term Bright’s disease, which is retained in medical nomenclature in honor of Dr. Bright, must be understood as having a strictly historical application.[6] The symptoms are usually of a severe nature. Back pain, vomiting and fever commonly signal an attack. Edema, varying in degree from slight puffiness of the face to an accumulation of fluid sufficient to distend the whole body, and read more [...]

Albuminuria is a pathological condition where albumin is present in the urine. It is a type of proteinuria. Measurement The amount of protein being lost in the urine can be quantified by collecting the urine for 24 hours, measuring a sample of the pooled urine, and extrapolating to the volume collected. Causes of Albuminuria The kidneys normally filter out large molecules from the urine, so albuminuria can be an indicator of damage to the kidneys. It can also occur in patients with long-standing diabetes especially type 1 diabetes. Causes of albuminuria can be discriminated between by the amount of protein excreted. The nephrotic syndrome usually results in the excretion of about 3.0 to 3.5 grams per 24 hours. Nephritic syndrome results in far less albuminuria. Microalbuminuria (less than 300mg) can be a forerunner of diabetic nephropathy. Homeopathy Treatment for Albuminuria Keywords: homeopathy, homeopathic, treatment, cure, remedy, remedies, medicine Homeopathy treats the person as a whole. It means that homeopathic treatment focuses on the patient as a person, as well as his pathological condition. The homeopathic medicines are selected read more [...]

A Bartholin’s cyst is formed when a Bartholin’s gland is blocked, causing a fluid-filled cyst to develop. A Bartholin’s cyst is not an infection, although it can be caused by an infection, inflammation, or physical blockage (mucus or other impediment) to the Bartholin’s ducts (tubes which lead from the glands to the vulva). If infection sets in, the result is a Bartholin’s abscess. If the infection is severe or repeated a surgical procedure known as marsupialization may be required to stop further recurrences. Bartholin’s cysts are most common in women aged 20-29, especially those who have never been pregnant or have only been pregnant very few times. A Bartholin’s cyst can grow from the size of a pea to the size of an egg. Cysts are not sexually transmitted, though sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis or other bacterial infections can cause the cysts to become infected and become abscesses. Treating a Bartholin’s cyst The treatment can depend on one or more of these factors: the size of the cyst; how painful it is; if it is infected; and, patient’s age. In some cases, a small cyst can simply be observed over time to see if it grows. In other read more [...]

Ketonuria is a medical condition in which ketone bodies are present in the urine. It is seen in conditions in which the body produces excess ketones as an alternative source of energy. It is seen during starvation or more commonly in type I diabetes mellitus. Production of ketone bodies is a normal response to a shortage of glucose, meant to provide an alternate source of fuel from fatty acids. For instance, after 24 hours of fasting the blood will have increased levels of ketone bodies (called ketonemia or ketosis), but all of it will be used by the muscles and very little will remain to be excreted in urine. Pathophysiology Ketones are metabolic end-products of fatty acid metabolism. In healthy individuals, ketones are formed in the liver and are completely metabolized so that only negligible amounts appear in the urine. However, when carbohydrates are unavailable or unable to be used as an energy source, fat becomes the predominant body fuel instead of carbohydrates and excessive amounts of ketones are formed as a metabolic byproduct. Higher levels of ketones in the urine indicate that the body is using fat as the major source of energy. Ketone bodies that commonly appear in read more [...]

Glomerulonephritis, also known as glomerular nephritis, abbreviated GN, is a renal disease characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, or small blood vessels in the kidneys.[1] It may present with isolated hematuria and/or proteinuria (blood resp. protein in the urine); or as a nephrotic syndrome, a nephritic syndrome, acute renal failure, or chronic renal failure. They are categorised into several different pathological patterns, which are broadly grouped into non-proliferative or proliferative types. Diagnosing the pattern of GN is important because the outcome and treatment differs in different types. Primary causes are one which are intrinsic to the kidney, whilst secondary causes are associated with certain infections (bacterial, viral or parasitic pathogens), drugs, systemic disorders (SLE, vasculitis) or cancers. Thin Basement Membrane Disease This is an autosomal dominant inherited disease characterised by thin glomerular basement membranes on electron microscopy. It is a benign condition that causes persistent microscopic haematuria. Non Proliferative This is characterised by low numbers of cells (lack of hypercellularity) in the glomeruli. They usually cause nephrotic read more [...]

Glomerulonephritis, also known as glomerular nephritis, abbreviated GN, is a renal disease characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, or small blood vessels in the kidneys.[1] It may present with isolated hematuria and/or proteinuria (blood resp. protein in the urine); or as a nephrotic syndrome, a nephritic syndrome, acute renal failure, or chronic renal failure. They are categorised into several different pathological patterns, which are broadly grouped into non-proliferative or proliferative types. Diagnosing the pattern of GN is important because the outcome and treatment differs in different types. Primary causes are one which are intrinsic to the kidney, whilst secondary causes are associated with certain infections (bacterial, viral or parasitic pathogens), drugs, systemic disorders (SLE, vasculitis) or cancers. Thin Basement Membrane Disease This is an autosomal dominant inherited disease characterised by thin glomerular basement membranes on electron microscopy. It is a benign condition that causes persistent microscopic haematuria. Non Proliferative This is characterised by low numbers of cells (lack of hypercellularity) in the glomeruli. They usually cause nephrotic read more [...]

A urethral stricture is a narrowing of the urethra[1] caused by injury or disease such as urinary tract infections or other forms of urethritis. Presentation During the early stages of the condition, the subject may experience pain during urination and the inability to fully empty the bladder. It is not uncommon for the bladder’s capacity to significantly increase due to this inability to completely void. Urethral strictures may cause problems with urination, including in certain cases the complete inability to urinate, which is a medical emergency. Causes of Urethral stricture Urethral strictures are generally caused by either injury-related trauma to the tract or by a viral or bacterial infection of the tract, often caused by certain STD’s. The body’s attempt to repair the damage caused by the injury or infection creates a buildup of scar tissue in the tract resulting in a significant narrowing or even closure of the passage. Instrumentation of the urethra, particularly before the advent of flexible uro-endoscopy, was (and remains) an important causative event. Short strictures in the bulbar urethra, particularly between the proximal 1/3 and distal 2/3 of read more [...]